The Speaker’s Importance in Poetry

The speaker can be the most important aspect of a poem. The speaker allows for a more active voice in the poem, and can often serve as a mouthpiece to communicate the ideas of the poet to an audience. Much like an actor, the speaker can tell or act out a first-hand account of what occurs. The speaker is also a voice that can provide another perspective. With evidence from â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est,† â€Å"A Man Who Had Fallen Among Thieves,† and â€Å"The Man He Killed,† this essay will highlight the similarities and differences of a speaker to help establish the definition of a speaker.It will be shown how speakers serve a variety of roles in poetry, and can help readers gain a better understanding of universal issues. The speaker in â€Å"A Man Who Had Fallen Among Thieves,† takes on the role as a Good Samaritan for a man in need of help and abandoned by others. The speaker acknowledges society’s unjust acts against a man who â€Å"lay by the ro adside on his back dressed in fifteenthrate ideas† (16). The speaker tells of citizens who â€Å"graze at pause then fired by hypercivic zeal sought newer pastures,† and left the weak man to go elsewhere (17).The speaker, the Good Samaritan, rescues the punished man while the other citizens deny assisting the helpless man. While the poem illustrates themes like the importance of doing the right thing despite one’s own desires, the speaker serves as a voice to reiterate the point the poet wants to communicate to the audience. Because of the speaker, this poem offers a more of a realistic point of view and a different perspective from the citizens and the helpless man.Using powerful and graphic diction in such lines like â€Å"of pinkest vomit out of eyes,† to describe emotions throughout the poem, the speaker helps to stir up emotions within the reader by offering a vivid first-hand account of the situation (17). Like the speaker in â€Å"A Man Who Had Fal len Among Thieves,† the speaker in † The Man He Killed,† uses vivid imagery to illustrate his feelings, helps to communicate the writer’s ideas to an audience, and offers a first-hand account of what is occurring in the poem. The speaker talks about his own confusion.He is confused because he cannot understand why the person he has killed is dead. In his state of confusion, the speaker tells of the intimacy between himself and the person he has killed when he mentions the phrases â€Å"staring face to face† (34). In addition, the speaker tells of the hostility between the two men, for they are both firing guns at each other. The speaker says â€Å"I shot at him as he at me†(34). The speaker knows that he would’ve been killed otherwise, and he goes on to say â€Å"and I killed him in his place. I shot him dead because-because he was my foe†(34).Here, the speaker shows a conflict between his feelings and actions and he is questionin g it. Later in the poem, the speaker says † Just so: my foe of course he was; that's clear enough; although,† which shows that he understands that he had to kill his enemy because of the tradition of war (34). He begins to think about what he did when he says † he thought he'd list, perhaps offhand-like-just as I- was out of work†(34). Here, the speaker offers additional insight into reasons why men enlist to fight in war. In this case, the speaker suggests that the man he kills was unemployed just like the speaker was.The reader gets to take another peak at the speaker’s inner turmoil as he mentions â€Å"You shoot a fellow down You'd treat if met where any bar is,† thus concluding that one kills another in war despite the possibility of knowing the person in the past or future (34). All in all, it is as if the reader gets a front row seat to experience the inner chaos the speaker suffers as he tries to fully grasp the concept and tradition of war. The speaker provides a realistic and familiar voice that could be any person during any war era.As a result, the speaker helps bring to life the atrocities of war to readers who may have never experienced it. The speaker in â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est,† describes a gruesome war scene involving enemies using gas to kill victims. Here, the speaker watches someone die because he didn't wear a gas mask. The speaker offers readers first-hand vivid descriptions of the young men that have become filthy, weary, and helpless when he describes the men as â€Å"bent double, like old beggars under sacks, knock-kneed, coughing like hags, we cursed though sludge†(27).The speaker paints a picture with his words to illustrate what is happening. In one scene, the speaker shows the men heading towards lodging when he says â€Å"and toward our distant rest began to trudge† then in an instant, gas-shells are dropping and the men must put on their helmets (27). One of the men di d not put on his helmet. Through the poet, the speaker uses vivid imagery to describe the man’s death when he says â€Å"as under a green sea, I saw him drowning†(27).The speaker tells an audience â€Å"my friend, you would not tell with such high zest to children ardent for some desperate glory,† meaning that he would not suggest children go to war to become heroes, or die honorably for one’s country, because it is not â€Å"sweet† or â€Å"fitting† to suffocate in gas (27). Obviously he disagrees with the old saying â€Å"Dulce ed decorum est Pro patria mori,† because the speaker refers to dying honorably in war as the â€Å"the Old Lie (27). Like the speakers in the previous poems mentioned, the speaker of â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est,† illustrates a moving picture in order to help an audience understand the atrocities of war.Here, the speaker once again serves as a familiar mouthpiece that awakens emotions within the reader. Through the speaker, the writer tells this horrible memory because he is informing future generations not to fight in wars for a false feeling of accomplishment because being killed in war can be in no way heroic, but gruesome. The speakers all have certain aspects in common. One thing they all have in common is reacting under social pressure. In â€Å"A Man Who Had Fallen Among Thieves,† and â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est,† the speakers both rebel against the social pressure and struggle with society’s often inhumane teachings.In other words, the speakers question universal issues like whether or not to follow the prevailing social code. In â€Å"The Man He Killed,† the speaker struggles with the social pressure to kill, and while he questions what he did, he doesn't try to stop the war. Another similarity is the speakers are all first-hand participants in the action of the poems. For â€Å"A Man Who Had Fallen Among Thieves,† the Good Samaritan spea ker sees the citizens ignoring the man who had been robbed and opts to rescue the helpless man.In â€Å"The Man He Killed,† the speaker is â€Å"face to face† with another human being and kills him simply because their countries are at war (34). In â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est,† the speaker informs future generations and the reader that war is not always heroic and valuable, but it can be cruel, and immoral. In addition to reacting under social pressure, another similarity of the three poems is all the speakers sense the injustices committed, and they all wish they could relive the situations and possibly change the outcomes.For instance, in â€Å"The Man He Killed,† the speaker accepts social pressure as a way of life, and he does this to escape the guilt he is feeling and by taking what some may feel is the easy way out. In â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est,† and â€Å"A Man Who Has Fallen Among Thieves,† both speakers challenge the crowds to ackno wledge injustice and go against social pressures. The speakers throughout these three poems also convey differences. The main difference is how they respond to social pressure. In â€Å"A Man Who Had Fallen Among Thieves,† and in â€Å"Dulce et Decorum Est,† both speakers rebel loudly against the social code.In other words they are more opinionated, and while they aren't scared of social pressure, both speakers are aware of the often, brutal social code. In â€Å"The Man He Killed,† the speaker succumbs and accepts the ways of society. While he does question his error, he doesn't do anything rebellious like the other speakers. To conclude, the speaker is crucial in getting the point of the poem across. Although the speaker is often anonymous, the poet uses an insightful, familiar speaker as a tool to impart different points of view, wisdom, or whatever the writer is seeking to tell an audience.The speaker often offers a first-hand experience in order to help evo ke feelings within a reader. The speaker is also important because while he or she is not factual, nor omnipresent, the speaker offers a different perspective and helps readers get a better idea of why war is not â€Å"sweet and fitting,† or why it is better to do what is morally just for instance (27). The poet uses the speaker to created irony and tension in the poem. Overall, the speaker is valuable to both the poet and an audience in order to achieve a better understanding of an occurrence, universal issues or any ideas the poet seeks to illustrate to an audience.

Case 302 July in Multiplex

Case 302From this case, there are two types of errors, which the consortium can make. A Type I Error is referred to as a â€Å"false positive. † A Type I error would be made when the null hypothesis is rejected when it should be accepted. This error may occur if the consortium defends any lawsuit against them if they are using 6% (6/100) as their surveying result. The results of the sample size of 100 people indicate that the percentage range is from 1. 35% to 10. 65%. The test results can be higher than 10%, but actually it is lower. Therefore, if the consortium defends any lawsuit against them it is possible that a Type I Error can be made. The second type of error is a Type II Error, which is also known as â€Å"false negative. † A Type II error would be made when the alternative hypothesis is rejected when it should be accepted. For this to occur, the consortium must make a decision to settle the case when the survey result shows a lower percentage than 10% but in reality it is actually higher than 10%. The only error the consortium should make is a Type II error because the alternative hypothesis was rejected. As previously stated, using a sample size of 100 shows that we would not reject the null hypothesis, in other words, this would mean to settle with Tommy. If we did not create a second hypothesis test using a sample size of 300, we would not have defended against Tommy in court and a Type II error would have been made. Size of simple| Defend lawsuit| Settlement| 100| Type II Error| Right decision| 300| Right decision| Type I Error| Table 1 We have proven that 94% of the surveyed moviegoers indicated that they are satisfied that theater play commercials before movie. Only 6% of the moviegoers opposed to watch commercials before movie. This statistical analysis validates that the consortium should seek to defend any lawsuit Tommy or any other unhappy moviegoer files. In this situation, a Type II error would have been made if we decided to base our analysis only on a sample size of 100. A larger sample size always depicts a more accurate display. Statistical Analysis H0 = 10% H1 < 10% 1st Same Size N: 100 (sample size) p? : 6/100 = . 06 Confidence Interval .06 1. 96 = . 0135 — . 1065Test StatisticZ= = -1. 33, from Standard Normal Distribution table => P-value = . 0918 P-value > (alpha) .0918 > . 05 Since P-value (. 0918) is greater than alpha (. 05), we fail to reject the null hypothesis. 2nd Sample Size N: 300 p? : 18/300 = . 06 Confidence Interval .06 1. 96 = . 0331 — . 0869 Test Statistic Z= = -2. 31 from Standard Normal Distribution table => P-value = . 0104 P-value < alpha .0104 < . 05 Since P-value (. 0107) is less than alpha (. 05), we reject the null hypothesis

Causes and Effects of Nut Allergy

Causes and Effects of Nut Allergy NUT ALLERGY INTRODUCTION: 1.1 What is an allergy? When exposed to certain foreign substances, a reaction takes place in our immune system which is referred to as allergy [1]. Population of more than 25% in industrialized countries suffer from allergies [2]. These reactions are exaggerated because these foreign substances are recognized as harmless and no response takes place in non-allergic individuals. Most of the allergies are hypersensitive immune responses to these foreign substances. A substance that causes allergy is known as an ‘allergen’ [1]. Allergens include dust mites, foods, molds, pollens, animal dander, insect stings, medicines, etc. [2, 3]. Allergens may be ingested (swallowed or eaten), inhaled, injected into the body or applied to the skin. Most of the allergens are harmless and so majority of the individuals are not affected by them. In the modern world allergy is one of the most wide spread diseases. Allergy can vary in many ways like different individuals show various symptoms of allergies which can be moderate (runny nose) to extreme (anaphylaxis) [2]. 1.2 The Immunology of Allergies: Our body is protected from pathogens and other foreign substances by our immune system which produces a glycoprotein known as immunoglobulin (Ig) or antibodies from B-cells or plasma cells. The antibody involved in allergic reaction is Immunoglobulin E (IgE). There is overproduction of IgE during allergic response [2]. 1.3 Food Allergy: An abnormal response triggered by the body’s immune system to a food is known as food allergy [4]. Food allergy is different from food intolerance, toxin mediated reactions and pharmacological reactions [4]. 2.4-3.7% of adults are affected by food allergy [5]. Various fruits like peach, apple including peanut and tree nut are the most common foods which elicit a reaction. The most common cause of food allergy is anaphylactic reactions. Different studies have shown that food allergy has various hea lth related issues which has a negative impact on individuals. Food allergy is the major cause of life threatening hypersensitivity reactions [5]. The most common foods that elicit allergy reactions include: Fish Milk Egg Soy Wheat Peanut Treenut To prevent further reactions related to food allergy we need to avoid allergenic foodstuff [6]. 1.4 Nut Allergy: Individuals affected by nut allergy experience a large variation in the intensity of their allergic reactions. Nut allergy is majorly seen in children. Peanuts and tree nuts mostly cause life threatening food allergic reactions. Life of children and adolescents can be severely compromised by nut allergy. Patients dying from nut anaphylaxis suffered from multiple nut allergies. Symptoms related to nut allergy have specific IgE to more than one nut [5]. Types of Tree Nuts: Almonds Cashew nuts Filberts Brazil nuts Chestnuts Walnuts Pistachios Pecans Hickory nuts Macadamia nuts Hazelnuts [7] Nut allergy can produce: Swelling (angioedema) Asthma symptoms Vomiting Swelling in the throat, causing difficulty in swallowing or breathing A tingling feeling in the lips or mouth An itchynettlerash (urticaria, hives) Diarrhoea Cramping tummy pains Unconsciousness and faintness [8] 1.5 PEANUT ALLERGY: The most common and the leading cause of food allergy in children and adults is Peanut allergy. Peanut is a cheap source of protein. Therefore, peanuts are used mostly in protein rich food products [9]. 1 in 50 children and 1 in 200 adults suffer from this allergy. It is the most likely food to cause death and anaphylaxis [10].

Visiting the City Council Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Visiting the City Council - Essay Example Many of them were talking about the efforts on forming city budget for 2006 and proper allocation of financial resources. Such talks were frequently accompanied by discussion of taxation issue. Some people were talking about property matters, in particular, the problems of buying property and investments into construction. For about ten minutes two young men, standing next to the doors of the building, have been lively discussing the necessity of reconstruction of our city park. Everybody seemed to be very busy next to the Council. But a few officials were leaving the building very slowly. They were discussing some private matters: in particular, sharing their plans for Christmas vacations. Also, outside of the building I found a board of information about the activity of our city administration. It included general information, accompanied with FAQ section about any possible problem, which can bring a person to City Council. And also there was everything available regarding to the duties, names and contacts of the Council Members. Standing for one hour next to the Supreme Court of our State, I could notice much less activity and fewer amounts of visitors. A group of tired security officers was located outside of the building in a small watch box.

In group we shrink Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

In group we shrink - Essay Example I am proud to be part of that minority. I have been through plentiful experiences in my own life in which I have experienced the phenomenon of â€Å"diffusion of responsibility† in the people’s behavior. I have myself displayed this kind of behavior over a few occasions early in my life. However, it was a very bad feeling that I carried with myself later on when I reflected back on those experiences. I felt like guilty for not having done something about those incidents while I could. Probably, it was the very realization that changed my behavior towards such incidents for the better, so that now, when I am part of a group, and something odd happens in front of me, my response to the situation is hardly any different from what it would have been had I been alone. During my childhood, I saw a little puppy with a broken and bleeding leg limping an moaning aside the road. It had probably been caught in some accident and was bleeding badly. Just from the look of it, I felt so pity for the little puppy. I wish somebody could take care of that, and I actually waited for that to happen. At that time, I was holding my mother’s hand, waiting to cross the road to reach the school. I was in a hurry anyway, though I have not been able to convince myself ever since that I could not spare a minute or two for the puppy. I saw people seeing that puppy, pointing their fingers at it, and passing by as they watched it. The image of that bleeding puppy was carved in my memory, and I felt bad about not doing anything about that. Probably, only if I had washed its leg with the water in my bottle and wrapped my handkerchief around its leg, I would have felt satisfied. While I always regretted not doing anything in this particular incident, this reflection and realization did change my behavior positively. Few days ago, I noticed two people fighting with each other. One of them had bumped his car into the other’s and the other person’s car was severe ly damaged. He had got out of his senses, and had immediately got into a violent verbal fight with him, that was at the verge of transforming into the physical fight, but I intervened. At the location, about fifty people had gathered in no time to observe the matter and had been standing there watching the heated verbal argument like a circus game. As soon as I caught glimpse of the sight, I instantly knew what feeling was holding them back and what I needed to do about it. I stepped ahead and came in between the two of them. One of them was holding a brick and was just about to throw it over the other person. I instantly took the brick from him, and tried to calm him down. Meanwhile, other people also started to approach and intervene. Probably, they were waiting for someone to take the initiative. I do not doubt their feelings of sympathy and humbleness, but it was certainly the â€Å"diffusion of responsibility† that was holding them back, as Tavris says in the article; â €Å"Most people do not behave badly because they are inherently bad. They behave badly because they aren't paying attention, or they leave it to Harry, or they don't want to rock the boat, or they don't want to embarrass themselves or others if they're wrong† (Tavris). However, â€Å"diffusion of responsibility† is not the only factor that holds people back in such situations. A

Economics Coursework Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Economics Coursework - Essay Example In the economic boom many invested in real estate and rented houses at a higher price to add consistent income. Such investments were centrally made in the business cities. However, the recession has caused unemployment and therefore demand for the rented houses has declined as people on being jobless moved back to their respective cities. In such cases, cost of retaining empty house increased such as maintenance cost etc. Therefore, the decline in income from rented houses caused by the decline in its demand had a positive shift in the demand of the owner occupation housing. Government to meet the challenge of crisis and budget deficit has been exploiting higher income people. In such case government can identify rental income as an additional source of income for people and therefore increases tax on the rental income. This measure of government to increase income would have a positive outward shift in the demand of the owner occupation of housing. People will prefer to self occupy houses than renting it out for additional income to benefit from tax escape. The mechanism can also be in contrast. Such as government reducing the subsidies to people that have been hit by the recession but are living in own houses can have negative shift in the demand of the owner occupation housing. People in such case can would then prefer to live in rented houses and therefore demand of the higher subsidies from government. In contrast to above proposition, in case government takes measure to generate the economic activity in certain areas to deal with affects of global crises. Among such measures can be a scheme of providing business loan at lower interest rate to the people that wishes to start own small business venture in local areas. The scheme also offering concession in the electricity and water bills to such people can have positive shift in the owner occupation in that particular area. Therefore, people to take the

Female and Male Political Elites in the U.S Essay

Female and Male Political Elites in the U.S - Essay Example Although great achievements have been made with regards women's rights, equality and representation in the past decades, the number of legislators and women in the cabinet still comprise of a few female elites. Only sixteen percent of women hold seats in the Congress and five females serve in President Bush's cabinet (Wolbrecht 1-10). In recent years, two women served as Secretary of State and another one will be serving with the President-elect once he assumes office. Another great stride for women is when Nancy Pelosi was elected Speaker of the House just recently. However, during the last election, the number of women seeking office for state legislatures faced a decline as compared to the previous elections and membership of women in national groups that could enhance their political influence also dropped in number.1 This is interesting to note as research have shown that the lower level of nominations and elections in the past contributed to the dearth of women in politics. How ever, this does not mean that women are disadvantaged in experience or sources of fund (Gaddie and Bullock, 761). On the contrary, women who sought office fared equally well with males in terms of financial ability. Gaddie and Bullock also asserts that the decline in the number of seats in crucial and elite positions in politics can be attributed to the dismal percentage of nominees among republicans (761). What is striking is that women who held more experience have a high probability of getting elected whereas voters pick men who are less experienced than women with less experience (Gaddie and Bullock 97). Nevertheless, women are still hesitant to run for office (Dolan in Wolbrecht 1-10). This only illustrates, that for women to achieve equal representation in the elite political circles, more women should run for office and gain further experience. In addition, there are factors that hinder women from achieving equal power and representation in contemporary political life. Although politics held a significance place for women before their enfranchisement, the realization of women's suffrage came after nearly a century of struggle. Yet this lengthy struggle only brought forth gender equality and equal citizenship but not equal representation and power in politics. (Wolbrecht, 6). Moreover, although women serve in different areas of politics, especially in legislature where their chances of increasing influence is considerable, this service is not matched by an increase in authority and power as they are thwarted by party affiliations, committees and caucuses (Reingold 33). Even Hillary Clinton, the most elite of the female politicians and a former first lady, is considered a mere 'junior senator' whose tenure in office is relatively short in the standard of a male elite politician. This is worsened by the perceived disparity of political focus that exists between male and female politicians. The notion that women enter politics on gender basis and considerations is asserted in the work of Kirkpatrick (242). Scholars observe that politics are different when women are involved (Wolbrecht, 5) and contend that activism plays a major role for decision and policy-making of a female politician. Naples, for instance, purports that the path that most female politician tread is one that center on progressive and

Safety management Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Safety management - Assignment Example Similar form of laws and regulations regarding worker’s compensation were created through the Code of Hammurabi (Guyton, 1999). Similarly, ancient Roman and Greek dynasties even enacted several similar laws to compensate workers for their injuries incurred on the job. These laws experienced a setback in the region of Europe as feudalism was practiced there. Under feudalism, the decision of whether to compensate or not and how much to compensate for worker’s injuries was dependant on the feudal lords. In the initial period of Industrialization workers were allowed to sue their employers for injuries experienced while on the job and these law suits were fell in the category of civil lawsuits. During this period, employers and employees use to reach an agreement regarding the amount of compensation that was needed to be paid to the employer, but if both parties used to fail to reach any agreements, then employee had the option of filing a civil lawsuit. Laws for workers’ compensation that were formal in nature were first introduced in the shape of sickness and accident laws and regulations and these laws were passed in the region of Germany during 1884. Formalization of workers’ compensation rules were enacted in the region of England during 1897 and US followed their pursuit after witnessing the various benefits attained from such laws and these laws were limited to employees who were working at the federal level (Guyton, 1999). Later during the period of 1911, Wisco nsin created workers’ compensation laws for the state and this system has become the base stone of workers’ compensation laws practiced today (Guyton, 1999). The ideology of laws coined by Wisconsin was to provide compensation to workers for injuries in a timely manner based on the severity of the injury and another purpose served by this system was to limit the liability of the employers. Similar to the laws created by Wisconsin, other states

Literary Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Literary Theory - Essay Example To cater to a wider audience, Horace suggests including both these elements in a poem. Besides, the setting, time and location should have unity and coherence. Longinus feels that a prom should immediately elevate the reader to a sublime state as if he has experienced it himself, which element has not been taken into account by Horace. Horace merely suggests that poems should begin in the middle of a situation so that the reader immediately plunges into the poem. Longinus finds that conflicting feelings can be united while Horace feels decorum and coherent effect are essential for unity. Horace believes that learning can come only when there is in an innate quality to be a poet. Learning without innate talent would serve no purpose. Longinus on the other hand feels following too much of formal elements can create or ruin the poetic effect, which is the very purpose of creating poetry. Both agree that poets are innate and not made. As a critic or a writer, being able to express conflicting feelings would be more appealing. Most people do experience such conflicts in their life and it would be easy to transport people to such heights so as to merge the reader and the writer and the written passage or poem. Compare/contrast the rhetorical theories of Plato and Longinus. Try to identify areas of agreement and disagreement in their discussions of how poetry affects its audiences. Do you think one theory is superior, or do they both have value for your work as a critic and writer? Which theory do you think is more helpful in understanding the effect of literary texts in the 20th century? Plato believes that poems do not reflect reality while Longinus contends that poets are innate and hence their creation has to be truth. Plato believes being a poet is a skill that can be created. Longinus asserts that a poem should elevate the reader to such a state that he feels he is the composer which is

COMPUTER AND NETWORK SECURITY Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

COMPUTER AND NETWORK SECURITY - Assignment Example It is still free to use and is not patented Memory requirements for blowfish are less than 5 kilobytes of memory. The semantics are simplified and is relatively easy to deploy. Part 2 Click the button File then click on New Certificate option. Now press the button Create a personal open PGP key pair option. After this an email address along with name of the sender is added. At this point the key details can be changed. Furthermore, after pressing Advance setting option you can create RSA 4096 bit. This creates an additional strength. An expiration date will also be added according to the senders will. In order to generate a key you have to click Ok and then next. The passphrase is required in order to decrypt the sent message. Now enter this passphrase. The passphrase must be kept stronger in order to be secure. The following options are available such as email your public key, backup private key and upload public key. These options can be utilized after generating a key. The private key must be kept as a secret. However, the public key can be used without any security. The public keys can be mentioned on public forums or websites. Moreover, to keep a backup of both the keys is a good option. Press the finish button. Now the Mailvelope is downloaded over the chrome. In the below screen shots the Chromium on mint Linux is showed. However, this will work fine over both Chrome for windows and the Mac. Now after installing chrome search for http://mailvelope.com/. After opening this website click Mailvelope Chrome Extension and download the free version. The Mailvelope icons is located over right corner of the Chrome and click on this icon then choose options. On the left side the key ring is present click on it and creates the keys for the page. Now add all the required details such as passphrase, name and email address of the sender. Now the advance option can be changed according to the user. After finishing all the steps press the complete button. For the priva te and public keys the same rules and regulations are applicable. However, the public keys are changed. In Mailvelope, the chrome users will click on the display keys. Now select the key pair and then press the Export button. Now next step is to press the display public key and then click on the Create file in order to install the copy on your work station. This copy is sent to the outlook user as a copy in attachment.    The Outlook user must now save the attachment and import it into the Kleopatra program. After the attachment is saved to the computer, open Kleopatra and the Import Certificates button. Find the certificate and import it. Click OK when completed.   Ã‚  Ã‚   Click the My Certificates tab and right click your certificate. Select Export Certificates. Save it to a location and email it to the user that just sent their public key to you.   Ã‚   The public keys must be received by the webmail users. Now save this file and then open Mailvelope. Now after completing this process the keys are imported ad uploaded the file. After this select a key text file to import and then click submit. You are now ready to exchange Encrypted email! In order to get started we will allow the gmail users to transfer any message that is encrypted towards the outlook service.

Country blues Essay Example for Free

Country blues Essay Blues evolved from an unaccompanied vocal music and oral tradition of African-American slaves and rural blacks in to a wide variety of styles and subgenres with regional variations across United States and later Europe and Africa. The musical forms and styles arose in the same region during the nineteenth century in the southern United States The country blues has been given several names such as folk blues, rural blues, backwoods blues, or down home blues. Blues is a choral and instrumental form of composition which is based on the use of the blue notes. This style originated in the Africa – American (Black Americans) communities of the United States. This kind of music transverse wide range of emotions and musical style . feeling blue is expressed in songs whose verses laments injustice or express longing for better life lost loves, jobs, and money. The central concept of blues performance is to be able to enable one to overcome sadness and lose the blues. Historically, the blues’ popularity coincides with the rise of the commercial recording industry, the introduction of race records aimed at black record –buyers after the year 1920, and the emigration of the black- Americans from the rural south to the modern urban North. (Philip, 1999) The country blues is usually considered to be an earlier form of the genre was first record in the mid-1920s . to day, there are several regional styles of country blues, which includes delta blues from the Mississippi delta. Texas blues and piedmont blues from the southeast . originally, country blues was usually recorded by a single singer, accompanied on the guitar or piano, with perhaps an accompanying harmonica, simple percussion. Starting year of 1930s, blues musicians fell under the influence of the urban cultures thus including the music and jazz. After the Second World War, the instruments were improvised hence electrified one were now in use . these included saxophones and amplified harmonicas. Especially in Chicago which is a prominent centre of blues recording Country blues were constructed from a much more diverse fluid musical field participated in by black and some white people. The use of blue notes and the performance of call-and response pattern in the music and lyrics art h indicators of African influences. The blues influenced the Americans and westerns popular music and then become integrated n to the genre of jazz, bluegrass, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, hip- hop and other popular music form. There are a few characteristics common to all blues due to the integration of other forms of music . some of the characteristic that were present long before the creation of the modern blues are cal –and response shouts which were functional expression. This was heard in slave fields shout sand holler, expanded into simple solo song laden with emotional content. The blues is nowadays known and seen musical style for both Europeans harmonic structure and the West Africa. Call-and responds tradition, transformed into interplay of voice and guitar. (Philip, 1999) The diddled bow ,which is a homemade one- stringed instrument was found in parts of America south in the early twenties century and Are African derived instrument that has assisted in the transferring of African performance techniques into the early blues instrumental vocabulary. also in the continued development of the blues music ,they adopted elements from Ethiopian and negro, including instrumental and harmonic accompaniment . he blues were loosely relate to ragtime but they preserved better the original melodic pattern of African music. ’ blues songs nowadays show many different structures which are based on tonic dominant chords and subdominant chords. These are all common in music the standard 12-bars is now recognized and documented form of blues from oral history and sheet music in African American communities through region along the lower Mississippi river. Original lyric form if blues was a single line repeated four times. The current most common structure is the repetition off one line once and this is followed by a single line conclusion. Early blues often were in the form of lose narrative where the singer expressed his or her personal woes in a world of harsh reality like a lost love, the cruelty of police officers, oppression at the hands of white folk, and hard times therefore the most oldest blues are records of gritty realistic information’s as it is in contrast with much popular music recorded at the time. Studies shows that the origin of blues spirituals was inside the exposure of slaves to their whites hence gospels origination. (Tony, 2004) The development of the blues was also triggered by the acculturation of the ex-slave population there was however ,essential africannesss in many aspects of the blues expression the social economic reasons for the appearance of the blues is that there was a transition from the slavery to sharecropping ,small-scale agricultural production and the blues have acted as a source of encouragement to them through the relief of third burdens through the interest that other communities have development, they get encourage to be the pioneers of impacting and framed kid f music thus they used in themes way in advertisements. The early 1900s development from group performance to more individualized style was associated with the newly acquired freedom of the enslaved people and again there was, according to Lawrence, there was a direct relationship between the national ideological emphases upon the individual teaching. Such developments were increased due to high perfumers had brought African-American music to new audiences both within the u. s and abroad. Great performers’ in19960s like John Lee Hooker continued to perform at enthusiastic audiences thus inspiring new artists in the traditional blues. Many compilations of classical prewar blues were published and together with music festivals, these brought blues to new audiences. White audiences’ interest in the blues also increased due to Chicago based movement in 1980s, blues to The resent both traditional and new genres are still being popular blue styles forms ,melodies and the blues scale have given a profound impact to the black community and the world ethnic groups as whole . First, these blue musical styles, forms and melodies have influenced many other genres of music. their scale has been everywhere in the popular music forms and informs many modal frames especially the ladder of the thirds used in the music . blues are also used by the community to pass their message to oppressors which I believed has lead the release of slave and the total banning of slavery and racism in the United State. (Davis, 1995) The most important direct predecessor of the blues was the spiritual, a form of religious song with its roots in the camp meeting of the great awakening of the early 19th century. So blues songs Spirituals were passionate song forms, which convey to listeners the same feeling of rootless ness and misery as the blues. This acts as a reminder of there past historical events hence their pasts grieves, . i. e. , Spirituals, however, were less specifically concerning the performer, instead about the general loneliness of mankind, and were more figurative than direct in their lyrics. Despite the earlier differences of the African- Americans and the Americans races have been brought together to interact by the interesting blues music. Blues have played important role of bring unity between the two enemies. The blues form styles acts as way of maintaining the vulture of Africans. This is evidence from the past records which still are much thrilling to many musicians. Though the different forms of blues are similar enough that they can not be easily separated many spirituals would probably have been called blues had that word been in wide use at the time. The social and economic reasons for the appearance of the blues are also important factors. This is because they brought a change in the economic development through the emergence of publishing industry. Blues has evolved from an unaccompanied vocal. Music of poor black laborers into a wide variety of styles and subgenres, with regional variations across the United States and this has been commercialized. (Davis, 1995) References Davis, F. (1995): the History of the Blues. New York: Hyperion Garofalo, R. (1997): Rockin Out: Popular Music in the USA. Allyn Bacon Lawrence W. L. (1977): Black Culture and Black Consciousness: Afro-American Folk Thought from Slavery to Freedom, Oxford University Press Philip, V. B. (1999): Immigrant, folk, and regional music in the twentieth century, in The Cambridge History of American Music, ed. David Nicholls Cambridge University Press Tony, B. (2004): Afro-Blue: Improvisations in African American Poetry and Culture University of Illinois Press

Goal Setting Worksheet Essay Example for Free

Goal Setting Worksheet Essay 1.Describe one academic goal that you have created using the SMART criteria. How do SMART criteria contribute to your academic goals? One goal I have created is to continue to attain the highest points possible each week in college. SMART criteria contribute to my academic goal by helping me identify what I need to focus on to complete this goal. By concentrating on how to set my goal to the guidelines of SMART (Specific, Measureable, Attainable, Realist, and Timely) I am able to set reasonable steps to complete this goal within the timeframe specified. 2.Describe one professional/career goal you have created using the SMART criteria and Career Plan Building Activities results. How did the results of the Career Interest Profiler and Career Plan Building Activity on Competencies contribute to your professional goal development? Using the SMART criteria I have set a goal to research jobs I am interested in pertaining to the IT field and find out which certifications I will need on top of my degree to help me attain that edge over other prospective candidates. The results from my Career Interest Profiler and Career Plan Building Activity on Competencies reaffirmed my choices on the career I have chosen. As the other career fields I have been interested in were also on the profiler I feel like I am in connection with my competencies and am pursuing a career that I will not only excel at, but be happy with. 3.Describe the stress and time-management strategies you have learned this week that will help you achieve your goals. Of the stress and time management strategies I have learned this week I feel that overcoming procrastination will aid me the most. There are times when the list of things I need to accomplish by the end of the week seems quite daunting, and sometimes I feel procrastinating tendencies. The ultimate cure for this is for me to stop making excuses and accomplish my tasks at hand. Another helpful strategy for me will be utilizing a planner. With all of the time consuming tasks that I will need to accomplish, having them allocated to time slots and dates on a planner will help keep me organized, ensure to not miss deadlines, and effectively de-stress me at the same time. 4.Describe how you will balance academic expectations and your personal and professional responsibilities. I will balance academic, personal, and professional responsibilities and expectations by creating a time chart and not overextending my abilities. I plan to assess each aspect of my life pertaining to academic, personal, and professional goals by effectively prioritizing each in its order of importance or necessity to me. By doing this I can then effectively plan my time to meet my perspective responsibilities as well as eliminate unnecessary stress. 5.How can understanding the importance of SMART criteria and your career interests and competencies help you move towards your career and academic goals? Understanding the importance of SMART criteria and my career interests and competencies can help me achieve my career and academic goals by allowing me to see which areas I am competent in and which areas I need to focus my time on to be more proficient in. Knowing where your weaknesses are is the first step to improving on them and advancing in your career or academic goals. By utilizing SMART criteria I can set realistic and obtainable goals for myself, effectively not setting myself up for failure. If I am able to set a goal to be specific, measurable, attainable, realistic, and timely I am sure to succeed at not only completing them successfully, but completing goals within a reasonable amount of time as well.

Steps in the Process of Fertilization

Steps in the Process of Fertilization Fertilization is an essential process in sexual reproduction which involves the union of two specialized cells called the gametes to form a zygote. This then develops to form the new organism. During the process of fertilization innumerable number of sperms hit the surface of the eggs. But only one sperm succeeds in fertilizing it and the rest are repelled from the surface of the egg. This is done by the modification of cell envelope extracellular matrix besides altering the metabolic activity of the zygote or embryo. Various metabolic changes occur after the zygote is formed. This includes the respiratory burst hydrogen peroxide production activation of oxidases peroxidase alterations in the redox status changes in the activity of redox-sensitive transcription factors etc. Besides these an embryo-derived paf (1-o-alkyl-2-acetyl-sn-gylcero-3-phosphocholine) is synthesized and its release involves the binding to extracellular albumin which protects its enzymatic degradation (ONeill C , 1985). The change in the redox state affects the activity of redox-sensitive transcription factors that may alter gene expression patterns. Besides, this change in the metabolic status also, is responsible for the spatial differences in cell activity especially after compaction and major embryonic events such as fertilization genome activation and cellular differentiation (AJ Harvey et al, 2002). Multiple variations that occurs during this stage are found throughout phylogeny (Wessel G.M.et al., 2001; Shapiro B.M. et al, 1989). Three discrete steps are involved with the formation of extracellular barrier during the post-fertilisation stage (i.e. after zygote formation): Following cortical granule exocytosis an autoactivating serine protease separates plasma membrane attachments to the eggs vitelline layer facilitating the separation of this matrix from the egg surface (Haley S.A. and Wessel G.M., 1999). The structural components of the fertilization envelope (FE) primarily derived from the cortical granules (Wessel G.M. et al, 2001) self assemble into the vitelline layer network and form a distinct pattern of cytoskeleton like structures. (Chandler D.E. Heuser J. 1980). The cortical granule-derived enzyme ovoperoxidase is targeted to the FE by the tethering protein proteoliaisin (Somers C.E. et al, 1989). The structural proteins self-polymerise into fibers. This is followed by an increase in the ovoperoxidase activity in response to alkalization (Deits T.L. and Shapiro B.M., 1986) and an increase in the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (Foerder C.A. et al 1978; Heinecke J.W. Shapiro B.M., 1989). Studies on nutrient uptake during fertilization have been done in various species(Leese Barton, 1984, Leese, 1991, Rieger, 1992, Rieger et al., 1992, Rieger Loskutoff, 1994, Gardner, 1999, Gopichandran Leese, 2003). However uptake of O2 is the major parameter that provides the required indication of overall metabolic status of a single zygote (Leese, 2003) as the production of ATP by oxidative phosphorylation a reaction in which O2 plays a major role (Thompson et al., 1996 Thompson, 2000 Leese, 2003). Furthermore the respiratory rates of single embryos is directly in correlation with quality (Abe Hoshi, 2003) and with survival following its transfer (Overstrà ¶m, 1992). When the production of the harmful reacting species eg., destructive oxygen species supersedes the bodys handling capacity through antioxidants, cellular damage occurs. This type of damage is the usual reason for most of the pathological states in animals, especially in nearly half of the infertile men. ROS bring their damage through various routes; the membrane of the sperm is damaged, which causes the motility rate of sperm to reduce and subsequently its inability to fuse with the egg during the fertilization process. ROS also alter the DNA of the sperm, leading to the improper genetic material getting transferred to the next generation. In spite of this, there is an inverse correlelation between the spermsa ability to produce ROS and their maturation. In the middle of the process of spermatogenesis, the cytoplasm of the sperm is lost due to its compaction (condensation) which is required for the elongation of sperm. This is witness from the study that immature teratozoospermic spe rms are featured by the presence of increased residues in cytoplasm in the mid-piece. Besides the cytotoxic damage caused by the levels of ROS in spermatozoa, hazardous oxygen metabolites produced by the leucocytes present in the ejaculate also damages it. This damage is more significant in the assisted conception therapy, where the contamination of the sperms washed, is presumed to the predominant factor determining the success rate of the fertilization, invitro. The so called reactive oxygen species ROS viz. H2O2 O2- · OH · etc affect the gametes and early reproductive events. ROS, produced by the peroxidation of the lipids, affects and changes the mitochondrial metabolism, besides producing more ROS. ROS are mainly known for their deleterious effects on spermatozoa and hence on male infertility (de Lamirande E et al, 1997, Sharma, RK Agarwal A, 1996, Shen, H Ong, C, 2000). Increased production of ROS has been associated with defects in the morphology of sperm (Aziz N et al 2004) inhibition of sperm motility (Armstrong JS et al, 1999, Parinaud J et al, 1997) fragmentation of sperm DNA (Donnelly ET et al, 1999) and premature capacitation (Villegas J et al, 2003). Further ROS also decreases the capacity for sperm-oocyte fusion efficiency and greatly inhibit the in vitro development of the embryo (Johnson MH et al, 1994, Guerin P et al, 2001, Mammoto A et al, 1996). More than six decades ago, it was discovered that the oxygen radicals (ROS) may have involved in the reproduction of human, especially men. (MacLeod, 1943). But the same was not studied to that extent in the case of female reproductive function, with only little works on pathological and physiological processes. Paszkowski observed that the selenium dependent glutathione peroxidase (SeGPx) was decreased in follicular fluids of women with no record of infertility (Paszkowski et al., 1995; Paszowski and Clarke, 1996). He also demonstrated that the levels of SeGPx were higher in those follicles which yielded oocytes that were successfully fertilized, compared to those follicles which yielded oocytes that failed to fertilize. Increased levels of hydrogen peroxide was found in the unfertilized oocytes also in fragmented embryos ( Yang et al., 1998). Whereas an increase in the antioxidant consumption was reported by Paszkowski and Clarke (1996) revealing an increase in the ROS activity, w hen poor quality embryos were incubated. Attaran et al (2000) observed a beneficial role of ROS, with its levels were high in the follicular fluid in IVF conception cycles compared to that of non-conception. Besides acting on sperm or oocytes separately, ROS were also reported to have its deleterious effect on sperm-oocyte fusion also. Studies reporting the fact the decrease in the levels of enzymes like catalase resulting in the loss of sperm motility. Many other studies produced a conclusive evidence for the production of ROS by human spermatozoa and showed that there was indeed an increase in the activity of ROS, in infertile men. If conventional method of invitro fertilization procedures were employed, even the spermatozoa whose DNA is damaged due to ROS, was able to fertilize the oocytes. Velocity measurements in the sperm motility studied under the impact of the ROS (generated by incubation with hydrogen peroxide) showed that the quality of sperm movement was significantly aff ected, but were motile, extremely; only the percentage motility was affected. Increased reactive oxygen species production was observed at 7 h and then at 24 h after IVF just before the first cleavage of the embryo. Increased oxidative activity and redox changes at the time of fertilization have been suggested to signal Ca2+ flux after the penetration of sperm. H2O2 besides being the substrate for ovoperoxidase is produced by a calcium-depending mechanism involving the reduction of one molecule of oxygen and the oxidation of two proton donors. Contrarily low levels of ROS has a positive effect on sperm functions (Bilodeau JF et al, 2000, de Lamirande E et al, 2003) binding of sperm to zona pellucida (Aitken RJ et al, 1989) and the development of embryo in bovine and other mammals (Harvey AJ et al, 2002 Guo Y et al, 2004, Harvey AJ et al, 2004). The concentration of ROS in both intracellular and extracellular are carefully regulated by enzymatic and nonenzymatic mechanisms and also by the presence of a detailed antioxidant defense mechanism in bovine oviductal tissues and fluids (Lapointe J et al 2003). Antioxidant genes especially a few glutathione peroxidases like GPx-1 Gpx-2 and Gpx-3 were differentially expressed along the oviduct. The major enzymes that are capable of metabolizing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) belong to the family of GPx as well as the oviductal-catalase (Lapointe S et al, 1998, Brigelius-Flohe R, 1999). The concentration of oxygen that has to be utilized during the culture of embryos, influences the development and quality of the embryos. When the concentration of oxygen was reduced in the culture of mouse embryos, it altered the embryonic gene expression during the post-compaction stage. This has severe consequences on the fetal development of the mouse. (Deanne Feil, 2006). Furthermore blastocysts cultured under decreased O2 tension correlate more closely with in-vivo-recovered blastocysts than in vitro blastocysts cultured under normal O2 tension (Dumoulin JCet al, 1999; Yuan YQ et al, 2003; Johnson MH et al, 1994; Guerin P et al, 2001). The driving force for changes in the metabolic status of the zygote is the secretion of the cortical granules at least in sea urchins. The sea urchin embryo generates large amounts of H2O2 at the beginning of development of zygote and its levels are meticulously regulated to prevent any possible toxic effect. Because of this the sea urchin system provides greater insights into the control of reactive oxidants in biological systems. ROS can either positively or negatively affect the reproductive events in vitro. In the fertilization process the oviducts are the site of important processes that occur prior to implantation such as the maturation of oocyte in the initial stages of embryonic development (Harvey AJ et al 2002). They regulate the ROS levels to provide a proper environment for the gametes followed by their fertilization and the subsequent stages in the development of embryo. Vitamin E protects against the loss of the motility of the sperm through the peroxidation of lipids. Hence, supplementation of the same improved the motility of the sperm and enhanced the possibility of fertilization in asthenospermic invidicuals, even when the original sperm motility measured was only 20%. Spermatozoa exposed to PUFA showed an increase in its oxidative stress (Aitken, RJ, 2006). In particular, the oxidation of DHA- docosahexaenoic acid bound to phospholipid was shown to be one of the predominant factors that controls the mobility of the sperm in vitro. There is a marked cell to cell differences in the life span of sperm samples, which reflects in their susceptibility to lipid peroxidation. It is a well established fact that when a spermatozoa is subjected to oxidative stress, its membrane and the DNA is damaged through the membrane lipid peroxidation. The probability of this type of damaged spermatozoa will be able to fertilise the egg depends on the rate at which the functions of the sperm is lost. Till date, the research evidence shows that the motility of the sperm, its capacity to enter into acrosome reaction, its ability to integrate with vitelline membrane of the oocytes are all is prone to get affected by the oxidative stress. Of all the ROS, it is the superoxide anion and hydrogen peroxide that causes the deleterious damage to sperm capacitation and hence are the key mediators. The former contributes to the hyperactivated motility of the sperm, while the later is found to be associated with the tyrosine phosphorylation events in sperm capacitation. Current research have shown that the spermatozoa that are subjected to extreme oxidative stress using the method d escribed by Aitken RJ etal (1998) i.e, exposure to hydrogen peroxide and NADPH, have the capacity to reach the normal rate of fertilization with ICSI (intracytoplasmic sperm injection). The original postulate of the free radical hypothesis was that the ROS led to non specific modification of various biomolecules, such as proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. This is responsible for the etiology of the pathological condition that arises after that. The existence of oxidase activity was first documented while measuring oxygen consumption following fertilization (Warburg O., 1908). The increase in the oxygen consumption upon fertilization of sea urchin eggs is cyanide insensitive and produces H2O2 as the substrate for ovoperoxidase which crosslink the protective FE (Foerder C.A. et al, 1978). The assembly of ovoperoxidase into the fertilization envelope and the cross linking reaction are carefully regulated events that take place in ten minutes following gamete fusion (Weidman P.J. et al 1985). High oxygen concentrations are deleterious to early mammalian embryonic development (Thompson JG et al., 1990). Heinecke Shapiro have characterized an oxidase from unfertilized Stronglylocentrolus purpuratus eggs and had demonstrated its role as respiratory burst oxidase of fertilization. Their oxidase appears to be regulated by a protein kinase. It produces H2O2 when stimulated with Ca2+ and ATP and utilizes NADPH but not NADH as a source of reducing equivalents (Jay.W.Heinecke Bennett M. Shapiro, 1989; Li J Foote RH., 1993; Dumoulin JC et al., 1999). Some of the transcription factors including PEBP2 AP-1 p53 and NF-ÃŽÂ ºB are known to be regulated by the changes in the redox status and this regulation has been shown to occur through conserved cysteine residues in the DNA-binding regions of these proteins (Hirota K et al, 1997; Hirota K et al, 1999; Ueno M et al., 1999; Akamatsu Y et al., 1997). Role of à Ã¢â‚¬ °-3 fatty acids in fertilization Fatty acids are classified as: saturated monounsaturated and polyunsaturated (PUFA). There are two main classes of PUFA: n-3 (omega-3) and n-6 (omega-6); distinguished by the location of the first double bond i,e.,from the three or six carbon from the CH3 (methyl) end of the fatty acid. à Ã¢â‚¬ °-3 fatty acids are polyunsaturated fatty acids. Examples include ÃŽÂ ±-linolenic acid (ALA) eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). The n-3 PUFAs are generated from ALA, found mostly in the chloroplasts of green plants and grass. These essential fatty acids can be converted to longer chain PUFAs, in liver, by desaturation and elongation enzymes, that is common to both. Fatty acid desaturase 2 (FADS2) is rate limiting (Gurr MI et al, 2002). The human cannot synthesize this, because they do not possess the required fatty acid desaturase enzymes and therefore have to be supplemented through diet. When the gene expression of this FADS2 enzyme is deleted the first step in the PUFA biosynthesis is stopped. This lack of PUFAs and eicosanoids did not interefere with viability or lifespan of female and male fads2-l mice, but resulted in sterility. Wilhelm S. etal (2008) demonstrated that phospholipids substituted with PUFA have a significant role in Sertolic cell polarity and blood-testis barrier, besides the gap junction network between the ovarian follicles granulose cells. They are implicated in various process in human, including reproduction, vision, neural development and growth (Gurr MI et al, 2002). For over a long period, these FAs have been implicated in the different stages of vertebrate fertilization. Either of n-6 or n-3 or both influence the reproductive processes through a heterogenous mechanisms, ranging from the providing the precursors for prostaglandin synthesis, steroid hormone biosynthesis, regulating the transcription factors involved. In ruminants, the pregnancy is established through the ovulation of the eligible oocytes, insemination at the right time and an adequate dosage of estradion and progesterone, during the luteal and follicular stages of the estrous cycle. Oocytes of cattle, when exposed to methyl palmoxirate to prevent the FA oxidation displayed low level of capcity to form blastocysts after fertilization. Moreover, the embryo have to develop completely to prevent luteolysis, which may occur by the interfereons production to inhibit up-regulation of the endometrial oxytocin receptors. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are also reported to modulate the function of the certain transcription factors that controls the gene expression and thus have a effect on the IC concentrations of the enzymes involved in the regulation of PG and steroid hormones synthesis. In bovine endometrial stromal cells and in lutenised granulose cells, both the omega-3 and 6 PUFAs are found to activate the protein kinase C, which activa tes the phosphodiesterase by phosphorylation. All these processes are affected by the dietary supplementationof PUFAs. Therefore changes in the PUFA sources subsequently reflects in the omega-3 and omega-6 content of the sperm. And these PUFAs are more susceptible to attack by the ROS as reported by various researchers. A schematic diagram showing a proposed mechanism in which the PUFAs generating the oxidative stress in human spermatozoa. High levels of poly unsaturated fatty acids in the spermatozoa of infertile human triggers the production of the ROS from a non mitochondrial source, (may be throughthe NADPH oxidase, NOX 5, influenzed by the calcium). Increased reactive oxygen species, ROS, then induces the peroxidation of lipids, which in turn shoots out the phospholipase A2, culminating in the release of more polysaturated fatty acids with subsequent generation of more ROS to perpetuate the oxidative stress. Dietary supplementation of n-3 PUFAs influence various aspects of fertility starting from conception and throughout the duration of pregnancy. (ESHRE Capri Workshop Group, 2006, Kind KL, et al, 2006). These n-3 PUFAs are incorporated in the phospholipids of the cell membrane and have their effects on membrane composition function, (Hong MY, 2002), ROS production (Hong MY, 2002 ,Watkins SM, 1998), membrane lipid peroxidation (Hawkins RA etal, 1998), regulators of transcription translation (Narayana BA et al 2001, Davidson LA2004), production of eicosanoids (Chapkins RS, 1991) and IC signal transduction (Ma D, 2004). Lupton JR (2004) had observed that these mentioned actions facilitate the n-3 PUFA-induced suppression of colon cancer. Similarly, alterations in the PG synthesis (mediated through the manipulation of the n-3 PUFAs) has profound effect on fertility, since PGs affect many aspects of fertilization, e.g., ovulation). Dietary supplementation of varying PUFA content to female cattle and to other mammals have found to alter the size and the number of ovarian follicles, the ovulation rate, the production of progesterone hormone by corpus luteum, the length of gestation and luteolysis timings. In male mammals, dietary PUFAs has demonstrated effect on sperm membrane PL composition and on the ability to fertilize (Abayasekara Wathes, 1999). For instance, sheep fed with diets containing high PUFAs delayed parturition (Baguma-Nibasheka et al. 1999). They also increased the incidence of placenta getting retained in cattle (Barnouin Chassagne 1991). High supplementation of ALA in diet, during the post partum period improved pregnancy rate in cattle (Kassa et al. 2002). Embryonic mortality was reduced through the suppression of uterine synthesis of prostaglandin F2alpha in cattle was brought about by altering the FA profile in their diets. This strategy of altering the FA profile in the diets, may be used to improve animal productivity by integrating the nutrit ion and reproductive management (Mattos R etal 2000). The fatty acid composition of both oocytes and sperm are responsible for the various observations in the study of the fertilization process in animals. The FA composition of the oocytes is specific for a given species both in terms of their abundance and their utilization. Among them, EPA, DHA and ARA have been associated in several stages of reproduction (Wathes DC etal 2007). Mature zebrafish oocytes fortify with ARA, indicating their capacity to synthesize eicosanoids for ovulation and follicular maturation. ARA along with LA was the most predominant PUFAs in oocytes of pig, sheep and cattle. (McEvoy etal 2000). Decreased ARA:EPA ratio in eggs and ovaries of fish have been reported as the reason for poor productivity in the captive broodstock (Pickova J, 2007, Cejas JR et al 2003). DHA along with EPA inhibited the gonadotrophin-mediated steroid hormone synthesis in cold and warm water fishes. These two highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) act as regulator molecules in the maturat ion of those fish ovary (Mercure F et al 1995). Kim et al (2001) had observed that the quality of oocytes was influenced by the dietary FAs which changes the composition of granulose cells and oocytes. Based on those quality, the oocytes were divided in to grade1, 2, 3 etc. Kim also observed that there were differences in the FA composition between those grades of sheeps oocytes, which affected the oocytes competence, resulting in alterations in fertilization rate and developmental potential. Sheep fed with PUFAs had altered FA composition in their membrane PLs of cumulus cells, resulting in the alteration of the oocytes membrane properties (Zeron et al., 2002). Supplementation of n-6 and n-3 showed different reponses in reproduction (Wonnacot KE et al, 2010). Ewes fed with n-3 PUFAs prior to ovarian stimulation and follicular aspiration showed no changes in the follicle number and size. But follicular-fluid levels of progesterone were found to be greater and all the blastocycts (both treated and untreated with the stipulated diet ) contained increased levels of PUFAs, mostly ALA. Moreover, dietary supplementation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) to early-lactation dairy cows showed an improvement in their reproductive performance (MJ de Veth 2009). Cows fed with 18:3 FAs rich diets had a prolonged preovulatory follicle at insemination and larger volume of corpus luteum compared to those fed with MUFAs (Bilby TR, 2006). The deficiency of essential fatty acids affects the energy and fat metabolism, biosynthesis of PUFA, structure of cell membrane and signaling pathways in lipid resulting in incompatible life (Cunnane, 2003). Studies on fads2-/- mouse model had thrown light on the various effects of the deficiency of PUFAs, invididually,( ie, omega-3, omega-6 etc) and combined. In that study, FADS2 deficiency caused hypogonadism and sterility of male (azoospermia) female mice. Spermatogenesis is stopped in male fads2-/- mice occurred at the stage of round spermatids, leading to azoospermia. This is often caused by a damaged blood testis barrier BTB. BTB is formed by TJ and AJ protein complexes that are restricted to basolateral compartment of the more polarized sertoli cells (Fanning et al, 1998; Chapin et al, 2001; Ebnet et al, 2003). Similarly Thangavelu G etal (2007) have shown that the development of embryo was increased in Holstein cows that are fed with unsaturated fatty acids compared to those with saturated fatty acids. This shows that a diet rich in ÃŽÂ ±-linoleic acid facilitates the development of embryo when compared to that of linoleic or saturated fatty acids. Another observation which showed that, enriching the semen diluents with DHAs containing egg yolk prior to freezing did not enhance the sperm quality following thawing. In both human and in domestic animals, levels of the breakdown products of lipid peroxidation, such as malondialdehyde and 4-OHalkenal, had no correlation with the semen quality. But, studies on chickens showed that dietary supplementation with more PUFAs, decreased the antioxidant status and semen quality (i.e, sperm concentration and volume). In this context, the significance of the role of the non-enzymic antioxidant, vitamin-E (a chain breaking antioxidant), which reverses the negative effects caused by the PUFA supplementation is to be noted. Besides all the sources that had been mentioned in this introduction, the final source of oxidative stress is the sperm itself. Defective human sperms produce ROS, which is directly proportional to the extent of the impairment of the sperm function (Deluliis 2006). Another reason for sperm being a source for ROS is that some authors believe that they contain more amounts of unsaturated fatty acids, mainly DHA and AA (Ollero M, 2000). Their study demonstrated that exposing the human spermatozoa to various PUFAs resulted in the accelerated production of free radicals, subsequent to peroxidation of lipids and DNA damage. There is an abnormal retention of remnants of cytoplasm and a presence of increased levels of unsaturated fatty acids in the immature or defective human spermatozoa, which generated high levels of reactive oxygen species. PLA2 gets activated due to this peroxidation of lipid, which enhances the production of more free poly unsaturated fatty acid from the phospholipid fu rther increasing the production of ROS. In this situation, the fertilizing potential of spermatozoa under increased oxidative stress with concomitant low antioxidant status and more ROs production, will decrease dramatically as observed various researchers and in various species. Dietary n-3 PUFA affects reproductive processes including ovulation oocyte development and sperm levels motility. The in vivo morphology of oocytes is improved through a high supplementation of n-3 PUFA (zeron Y, 2002). PUFAs stimulate the generation of in vitro ROS (Aitken RJ et al 2006). In males the fatty acid composition of the sperm membrane influences their fertility and fertile men have much higher sperm levels of omega-3 FAs as compared to infertile men. Infertility and premature birth are two womens health issues where omega-3 levels are implicated. omega-3 supplementation decreased the clotting in the endometrial cells of the uterus and improved the implantation rates of fertilized eggs. Lower concentrations of spermatozoon DHA in asthenozoospermic men are not due to diet but to some type of metabolic difference (Conquer JA). Fouladi et al (2010) have shown that the ovary regulates the effects of alterations in plasma n-3 and n-6 FAs, resulting in only small effects on th eir developmental potential. The cessation of growth and some health problems in growing rats fed with low PUFAs were reversed after feeding the same with high PUFA sources rich in 18:3 ALA (Burr and Burr 1930). Reproduction in cattle is influenced more by the type of fats (ie. PUFA or MUFA) than with just fats as it is, reveals the importance of PUFAs in reproductive processes. This is more highlighted because ruminants extensively hydrogenate PUFAs, thereby limiting their supply for absorption in small intestine. Eicosanoids-independent mechanisms such as modulation of intracellular signaling pathways transcription factor activity and altered gene expression (Das UN., 2000; Dentin R et al, 2005; Simopoulos AP. et al, 2002). Fatty acids in the oocytes are utilized during its maturation and are incorporated into its cytoplasm (Ferguson EM et al, 2006; Kim JY et al, 2001). Changes in the n-3 PUFA levels in the diet alter the fatty acid composition of the oocytes and its surrounding environment affecting the oocytes maturation; modulate the development of follicles, ovulation, embryo development and developmental competence such as its ability to involve in fertilization. The changes in the diet profile for the n-3 PUFAs also had altered mitochondrial properties and increased the ROS levels in oocytes, suggesting a role for mitochondria in the impaired embryo development. Sarah et al (2008) studied the effect of diet supplementation of n-3 PUFA on the zygotes. Exposing the reproductive tract for a period of 22h (post hCG) found to increase the number of zygotes which are morphologically poor, especially when females were given a diet rich in n-3 PUFA. The in vivo-derived zygotes (which were morphologically normal) which were subjected to n-3 PUFA treatment failed to cleave and their development was delayed (Sarah et al, 2008). This was due to the impaired mitochondrial metabolism. Low and high levels of omega-3 concentrations in the blood have been implicated in various conditions. Hong et al. (2002) have observed n-3 FAs increase apoptosis in colonocytes when coincubated with butyrate. Eicosopentanoicacid increases oxidative stress leading to lipid peroxidation in Walker 256 rat tumor cells besides decreasing the mitochondrial membrane potential (Colquhoun A et al 2001.). in oocytes this change in mitochondrial membrane potential is observed to be a consequence of metabolic inhibitors (Van Blerkom J et al 2003) and have been correlated with developmental arrest in mouse two-cell embryo increased fragmentation (Acton BM et al 2004) and the rate of embryo development in the human (Wilding M et al 2001). Low omega-3 FA in blood leads to increase in menstrual pain. Lipids of the Oocyte are crucial for the energy requirement of the preimplantation zygote. They also participate in fertilization and in the subsequent cell differentiation (Amri et al., 1994). Oocytes that are oxidatively damaged have a low levels of PUFA and are unable to undergo fertilization (TarÄ ±Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ´n et al., 1996). The levels of arachidonic acid and docosahexaenoic acid as well as lipid peroxidation in blood and seminal plasma of normozoospermic males from infertile couples compared with that of fertile volunteers indicate that systemic oxidative stress resulting in increased lipid peroxidation and an alteration in the fatty acid profile which may be responsible for infertility in men (Oborna I et al, 2009). The omega-6 or -3 fatty acids are the precursors for various metabolites produced in sperm and ovum which are necessary for fertilization. The precursors from omega-3 are less potent in generating ROS than omega-6. Therefore the gametes will be less affected by the effects of ROS under this condition. An imbalance in the omega-6-to-omega-3 ratio has been linked to various complications; like polycystic ovarian syndrome PCOS low sperm count etc. Treatment of cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) with ALA significantly increased the percentage of oocytes at the metaphase II an increase in the percentage of cleaved embryos the blastocyst rate and better -quality embryo compared with untreated controls while higher doses of it were detrimental (Waleed F et al, 2009). Thus the omega-3 FAs and the Redox regulators have multifarious roles before during and after the fertilization process. The role of the polyunsaturated fatty acids is important in both the physiology of sperm and ovum. This is highlighted by their key role in the maintaining the fluidity of the membrane of the sperm, which is needed for fertilization. Further, they are also a important part of the specific class of fucosylated slycosphigolipids, which are important for the male fertility. Besides these, they are also sources of alkoxyl and peroxyl radicals, to help these cells in the event of damages arising due to oxidative stress.

Teenage Suicide Essay -- Teenage Suicide Essays

Teenage suicide has become a critical, national problem the extent of which is mind boggling. From 1980 to 1992 the rate of suicides involving persons from the ages of 10-14 years old has increased by 120 percent, and has increased 28.3 percent when involving persons from the ages of 15-19 years old (Suicide 451). More recently in a poll of 3,210 high-school honor students, a stunning one-quarter have seriously considered suicide (Eaton 15). Suicides have been proven to be one of the leading causes of death among teens, falling second only to accidents (Roberts 45). This data, however, may be inaccurate, being that deaths labeled accidental may have actually been teen suicides. Also, many families may not want to report suicides or suicide attempts for the fear of embarrassment. Nevertheless, there is extensive proof that suicide attempts and/or successes are on the rise among teenagers, and numerous groups have devoted themselves to establishing a cause to this epidemic. The one si milarity that all of these different groups seem to agree on is that there is not one single theory that explains the growing phenomenon of teenage suicide. However, a number of factors seem to be common among â€Å"at-risk teens,† factors that, if given the right set of circumstances, could put them in jeopardy.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  One of and seemingly the most common of these factors is depression. According to the National Association for Mental Health, nearly 20 percent of those who receive care for depression in hospitals and clinics are under the age of eighteen (Leder 31). Everyone has different reasons for being depressed and the extent of that depression will also vary from person to person. Some common causes of depression that have been found to lead to suicide attempts are not feeling loved and/or understood, the feeling of rejection, trouble with friends and family, or the feeling of being â€Å"no good.† A loss, (as in the death of a loved one, divorce, or the breakup up with a boyfriend/girlfriend) Has also been found to link depression and suicide (Leder 34).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Psychologists and doctors have also realized that having numerous psychological problems, known as â€Å"conduct disorders,† causes teens to have impulsive behavior. This impulsive behavior can cause them to act violent... ... a sense of identity is often pretty shacked and fragile during adolescence, feelings of not being worth much in one’s parents eyes won’t help a young person’s self-esteem. In extreme cases the adolescent may look upon himself, as being despicable and worthless, and learn to hate himself, when he is unable able to reach their goals (Hafen 95). The Youth Suicide National Center feels that â€Å"few of them [adolescents] have found ways of dealing with the lack of self esteem and when these feelings overwhelm them, they believe there is something very wrong with them.† (qtd. in Hafen 23).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  After reading numerous books and articles, the plain, but simple truth is that no one knows exactly why teenagers kill themselves. Psychiatrists have, however, reached the conclusion that in a society where adolescents have been exposed to many adult pressures and stresses, they may not be able to cope. Some of the most common causes of stress revolve around family situations, social problems, depression, developmental factors, and other factors associated with adolescents. It is this unbearable stress that leads them to the act of suicide.

A Place In Different Seasons Essay -- essays research papers

The place to be described is totally imaginary, although it may bear some resemblance to a childhood memory of yours. The house and surrounding fields and mountains (for it is these I will endeavour to describe in different seasons) are so exquisitely picturesque: The long, wide, oak slatted cabin with the rolling fields stretching far into the distance, and beyond. Behind the house (as I like to call it) is an expanse of some three hundred or so yards before abruptly halting to make way for a stream. The stream is like one time itself forgot, like the one you would expect to find fairies sitting by. Beyond that the vast mountain range, ominous against a clear blue sky and casting definite shadows across the house and fields. The snow-capped peaks are those that I have climbed many a time; and they always seem to be different in contour or shape. There is a beautiful horse chestnut tree just two fields away from the house, and countless others dotted around near it; ash, beech, oak, the list goes on and on. It’s wonderfully peaceful up here, no one to disturb you. In autumn the landscape changes so much, almost too much. The leaves fall off the great oak, and it looks so miserable and bare; I have often thought of wrapping it up in a blanket. The horse chestnut is yielding fruit (if you can call it that). There is nothing I like more than sitting in front of the log fire and roasting horse chestnuts; marvellous. The fields, once, not long ago were teeming with poppies and f... A Place In Different Seasons Essay -- essays research papers The place to be described is totally imaginary, although it may bear some resemblance to a childhood memory of yours. The house and surrounding fields and mountains (for it is these I will endeavour to describe in different seasons) are so exquisitely picturesque: The long, wide, oak slatted cabin with the rolling fields stretching far into the distance, and beyond. Behind the house (as I like to call it) is an expanse of some three hundred or so yards before abruptly halting to make way for a stream. The stream is like one time itself forgot, like the one you would expect to find fairies sitting by. Beyond that the vast mountain range, ominous against a clear blue sky and casting definite shadows across the house and fields. The snow-capped peaks are those that I have climbed many a time; and they always seem to be different in contour or shape. There is a beautiful horse chestnut tree just two fields away from the house, and countless others dotted around near it; ash, beech, oak, the list goes on and on. It’s wonderfully peaceful up here, no one to disturb you. In autumn the landscape changes so much, almost too much. The leaves fall off the great oak, and it looks so miserable and bare; I have often thought of wrapping it up in a blanket. The horse chestnut is yielding fruit (if you can call it that). There is nothing I like more than sitting in front of the log fire and roasting horse chestnuts; marvellous. The fields, once, not long ago were teeming with poppies and f...

Allergies and Allergic Reactions Essay -- Food Allergies

Healthy humans have two types of immune systems that protect the body from invading pathogens that cause diseases. The Innate Immunity is the first barrier of protection. It is similar to a force field. Its primary purpose is to destroy any pathogen that tries to enter the epidermis cells (the skin cells) and the mucosa (mucus secreting cells found in the GI tract, respiratory tract, urogenital tract and eyes. If the first defense does not work, the adaptive immunity steps in to eradicate the invading microbe. Yet, sometimes the body reacts to harmless agents as if they were pathogens. Every day, more adults develop allergies to things in their environment. Exposure to such things as pollen, grass, mold and pet dander1 can lead to mild or harmful reactions. Other allergens can cause tingling in the throat and mouth, and in many cases severe reaction that lead to death. 2 In the last couple of decades, 75 to 100 percent of asthma and 150 percent atopy have reported.4 17.7 million adul ts and 7.1 million were diagnosed with allergies and hay fever.5 There are no known reasons why people developed hypersensitivity to certain agents, yet, many adults are developing allergies later in life. Statistically, children are the ones who develop allergies the most. About 3.9 percent of children have allergies, whereas 2% of adults have it. 6 Then, why are adults becoming more and more susceptible to this affliction? One possible reason is foods and every day household products are making people sick. Could it be that constant exposure to known hypoallergenic agents are causing allergic reactions to develop in adults who have never displayed any allergic reactions in their lifetime? To understand why the sudden affliction of allergies is occu... ...alian adults: A multi-centre study. Int Arch Allergy Immunol. 2009;150(3):271-7. 4 . Isolauri E, Huurre A, Salminen S, Impivaara O. The allergy epidemic extends beyond the past few decades. Clin Exp Allergy. 2004 07;34(7):1007-10. 5. CDC [Internet]. Allergies and Hay Fever. Atlanta, Georgia: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Available from: http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/fastats/allergies.htm [Date accessed 2011, November 18] 6. CDC [Internet]. "Food Allergies - DASH/HealthyYouth." Atlanta, Georgia: : Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.. 26 Apr. 2011. http://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/foodallergies [Date accessed 2011, November 18] 7. Laurià ¨re M, Pecquet C, Bouchez-Mahiout I, Snà ©garoff J, Bayrou O, Raison-Peyron N, et al. Hydrolysed wheat proteins present in cosmetics can induce immediate hypersensitivities. Contact Dermatitis. 2006 05;54(5):283-9.

About BRU coffee Essay

BRU coffee is a part of Hindustan Lever and it is India’s largest and favourite coffee brand that offers a range of Indian and international coffee products. Since 1968, BRU has repetitively strived to bring varied types of authentic coffee with premium tastes to Indian consumers. After directing numerous coffee trials with coffee samples, they personally select the best coffee beans and freshly roast them to serve consumer a great cup of rich aromatic coffee, whether it’s coffee at home or at BRU World Cafà ©. It was launched in the year 1968 under the brand of â€Å"Brook Bond†. After its introduction as an instant coffee they came up with different varieties such as BRU Cappuccino, BRU Lite, BRU Cold Coffee, BRU Gold, BRU Roast and Ground etc. BRU has created and distributed a display of unique high-quality coffee blends since 1968. It is an astounding 800crore instant coffee segment in India. From instant and conventional coffees to a multiplicity of premixes, the rich aroma and exotic flavours of BRU coffees have made it India’s number one coffee brand. BRU’s market share as up to end of 2011 was 50.2% against Nescafe’s 49.2%. BRU-ad with love and merged with passion to make a perfect coffee recipe, BRU Coffee lets you discover the lovely moments of your life, with a flavour of happiness. AGGRESSIVE SUCCESS ACHIEVED IN SAME SEGMENT: 1) REVOLUTION IN NEW PRODUCT: BRU was known as master brand in serving coffee as they were able to give new aids to customers at every point on a regular basis. There one of the successful new product was the cappuccino packs. The new flavour was able to generate new thrust in the market and that help them to lead out the product in the market. The new flavours even encouraged hard-core tea lovers to try out these flavours and change their preferences towards the coffee. The best part was that these cappuccino was available in single serve sachets which provoked consumers to test the flavours. Another added innovation by BRU was when they launched the cold coffee variants into the market which again apprehended the attention of the consumers in high volume. Now, these thrusts in new product development roll out in an implicit way when customers accepted and started liking it. This was concluded when people roll out in malls and stores, they find that coffee section is full of  various flavours and packs of BRU which itself creates a positive vibration for the brand. 2) REVOLUTION IN PACKGING: Innovation in packaging was another critical factor that aided BRU’s success. The brand made the entry barrier low by launching small affordable SKUs. There are single serve and large packs at different price points making the brand affordable .The brand although is positioned as an aspirational brand is priced affordable thus making it a perfect example of a Masstige brand.

Belonging Essay ‘Romulus My Father’, ‘the Lost Thing’ and ‘the Catcher in the Rye’

Our search for who we ar is fuelled by our innate bank to achieve a gumption of have a bun in the ovenance and be. belong doesnt just happen it involves some factors and experiences in order to feel that you truly belong. savour a aesthesis of inclusion arouse enrich our indistinguishability and relationships and fuel lam to acceptance and escorting. In order to understand who we are we need to belong and this is effectively represented in Raimond Gaitas record Romulus My receive, Shaun tangents The wooly thing and JD Salingers The Catcher in the Rye. An exclusives interaction with new(prenominal)s and the human race just about them potentiometer enrich or doctor their experience of belonging to an environment. Romulus My Father demonstrates this by dint of the profound virtuoso of acceptance that exists indoors Raimond. He delivers his observations in a ruminative and thoughtful tone, particularly in his recollections of his father, as he loved him in an y case profoundly no quarrel could estrange (them) and tangle a genuine comprehend of familial belonging. This is also evident even aft(prenominal) Christine dies.He observed, We came together as countersign and husband with the woman whose remains rig beneath us. Juxtaposed against Raimonds belonging is the suffering of Christine in her displacement. Christine struggles to be the fuck off that society expects her to be, and her inability to relate and set is described by Raimond as, a roily city girl, she could not settle in a landscape that highlighted her closing off. Raimonds heartsick tone conveys how Christine could not fit into the re officential district and in Australia.As a moment, her isolation and alienation lead her to betray the base of family juxtaposed by I matte awk fightd with her, which shows that Raimonds relationship with his draw has lost the familial belonging it erst contained. Similar to Christines skin perceptivenesss of estrangement, Rom ulus felt same a prisoner in Australia, that was looked pour down upon and unwanted, resulting in a sympathetic solvent from the indorser. Throughout the novel, we witness Romulus facing and essay with these opposing pressures.Feelings of estrangement and an inability to apparently fit in are as well explored in Shaun Tans The Lost Thing. Tan explores the attitude and malignity towards things that do not belong, and the intricacies of a world that directly reflects society and its inability to accept differences. The fundamental need to belong can consequently result in numerous altering themselves in order to accommodate to societal expectations. Feeling a sense of belonging and acceptance involves facing many pressures and difficulties, which are crystalizely demonstrated by Tan.The Lost Thing is turgidly ignored and hardly noticed by the community, condescension its bright red colour and large appearance that makes it stand out to the reader as it is juxtaposed with the dull and castrate background. However, regardless of it curious appearance and unmistakable presence, the community is self-absorbed, too preoccupied with their rite habits to even notice it. Towards the end of the book, it becomes clear that there are many other lost things that regularly appear in the city, but their presence can all be measured by the nominal extent to which they are noticed.This demonstrates the negative attitudes tell towards people or things that do not stereotypically fit in with the rest of society. Tan also explores the sense of belonging created in such a detached environment. The citizens of the organised community develop a sense of identity by conforming to the notice of society and following the organised standardizations, as demonstrated through the reoccurring motif of the equal houses drawn in neat columns. eventually for them to be accepted, they exclude others.Attaining a sense of belonging can act as a nurturing force for notions o f identity, bringing fulfillment and enrichment of character and this is distinctly demonstrated passim JD Salingers novel The Catcher in the Rye, through the protagonist nature of Holden Caulfield. Holden seems to be excluded from and victimized by the world round him. As he mentions to his professor Mr. Spencer, he feels trapped on the other side of life, and he continually attempts to find his elan in a world in which he feels he doesnt belong. incite of Holdens alienation is a result of his inability, or perhaps unwillingness to capture up. Holden is fearful of adulthood, claiming that adulthood is world of shallowness and phonies. We are constantly reminded of Holdens war against phonies, ironically reflecting on Holdens faux and fake personality. Like a child, Holden fears change and is overwhelmed by the complexity, but he is too out of touch with his feelings to admit it. Instead, he spends much of his time criticizing others. When are you waiver to grow up? Carl L uce makes it apparent to Holden that he must grow up and give the sack on from his issues which are holding him back. In the conclusion of his journey, Holden is able to gain a sense of belonging and acceptance within his sister Phoebe. Although losing his brother Allie was incredibly hard, Holden finds allay in his close relationship with his sister and is able to move on willingly. The feeling of acceptance involves many factors and experiences.The innate desire to belong and ramifications of not belonging are clearly represented within Romulus my Father. The struggles of belonging in the self-absorbed nonionised society of The Lost Thing clearly demonstrate our basic need to be accepted. JD Salinger is able to prove that a sense of belonging comes from a sense of identity within The Catcher in the Rye. Belonging can enrich our identity and relationships and can lead to acceptance and understanding.

Non Verbal Communicaton

communicative Communication Nonverbal talk plays a all all important(predicate)(p) position in social conference. This is even more than visible when individuals do not shargon a common language. Outsourced (2006), explores the journey of an American manager named Todd Anderson. His company, Seattle-based follow westerly Novelty, outsources its chaffer nitty-gritty to Gharapuri, India and Todd must act to India in order to train the new supply and manager. Nonverbal colloquy is present by dint ofout the characterisation as Todd, works through the language bar and is introduced to a new coating, values and rituals.In this paper, sign-language(a) parley demonstrated in the movie is analyzed and discussed as it relates the research of argyle (1988), Archer (1997), et al. Adler (2011) defines gestural intercourse as messages expressed through non-linguistic pisseds. Research has immortalizen that in communication, the verbal content altogether is only pruden t for 7% of the message, art object vocal cues such as pitch and intonation account for 38%, and seventh cranial nerve gainulation an everywherewhelming 55% (Mehrabian, 1968). Nonverbal communication can be per random variableed through facial nerve expressions, proximity, and trunk move workforcets.Argyle (1988) describes the five primary functions of Nonverbal Behavior 1) reflection of sensation, 2) Communication of Interpersonal Attitudes, 3) Accompany and Support Speech, 4) Self-Presentation, 5) Rituals. In the movie Outsourced (2006), examples of each of these functions of nonverbal behavior atomic number 18 notice. The t adept plays a particularly important role in showing perception. Ekman (1982) classified facial expressions of emotion into six categories happiness, surprise, fear, sadness, anger, and drive back/contempt.Throughout the movie Outsourced (2006) emotions were expressed by the characters through their facial expressions, body movements, and voice. Early in the movie, Todd visits the Indian call center for the first time. As he walks around the office Todd stops in his tracks with a surprised look on his await as he sees a cow stand right next to the call centers clock. A few days later in a team meeting, emotions be expressed through nonverbal behavior by the call center staff as Todd answers questions about the product compile from his team.An employee asks about the purpose of a product. Todd replies that the product is apply to brand cows. The employees are outraged, and display facial expressions of disgust/contempt as they learn that cows, sacred animals in their culture, are having logos burned into their flesh in the United States. In an early(a) scene, Todd experiences a majestic stomach ache from Indian fodder. He rushes mansion with a worried look on his face as he fears he testament not make it home in time. His facial expression of fear amplifies as he arrives home only to find that his derriere is bein g replaced.The repair men point him in the direction of downstairs lav where he discovers in that location is neither a toilet nor toilet paper and he must lessen himself in a hole in the basis and occasion his odd cash in ones chips for find faulting. Later in the movie, Todds boss from Seattle unexpectedly shows up in India and announces that the call center will be relocated to China where the cost of operation is even cheaper. Todds facial expressions body movements and the tone of his voice show the anger he feels toward his boss for moving the call center and sadness when he must prove the staff that they will be losing their jobs.Throughout the movie, Todd and Asha show nonverbal indications happiness, smiling and laughing together as they fix romantically involved and enjoy each others company at work and alfresco of the office. Nonverbal signals such as tone of voice, respect, and upset play an important part in establishing and maintaining relationships (Argy le, 1988). Argyle (1988) writes that the most basic supposeing of touch is that an interpersonal bond is being offered or established (p. 226).Furthermore, nub contact can give important cues of attitudes and emotions. In the movie Outsourced (2006), Asha and Todd make a trip to an Indian island to observe merchandise that was shipped to the wrong ad format. After change of location for five hours and taking a ferry, they successfully retrieve the merchandise, except are forced to spend the dark on the island after the ferry breaks down. When they arrive at the hotel they find that the hotel is almost completely booked and they will cave in to share a room.After a picture argument about the situation and sleeping arrangements, Asha and Todd gaze deep into each others look nonverbally communicating their attraction and feelings for each other. From there they kiss and proceed to physically express their respect for each other through sex. Nonverbal communication plays an im portant role in assisting speech during communication (Argyle, 1988). In the movie Outsourced (2006), nonverbal communication plays an important role in situations where Todd must express with local people who speak little or no slope.On Todds first day in India he approaches a street vendor to leverage a drink. The vendor does not speak English and Todd uses his index finger to single the number one. Through this communicate he is able to make it his desire for one drink which is understood by the vendor. Shortly after this scene, Todd is escorted by Puro to a local bed and breakfast owned by the confederate of a Puro. The hostess, Todd, and Puro sit down for midday raciness and begin making conversation. Todd picks up some snacks with his left hand and begins take in.Both the hostess and his friend Puro look at him in shock. They proceed to try and tell him that eating with your left hand is considered crude and offensive in India because the left hand is traditionally u sed to clean oneself after using the toilet. When Todd is unable to understand an old man napping in a chair stands up, walks over to the table and makes the motion of wiping his behind with his left hand to help Todd understand. Self-Presentation, a persons appearance, grooming, and dress is also a form of nonverbal communication (Non-Verbal Communication, n. . , para. 2). (Richmond & McCroskey, 2004) note that people generally form their first impressions about others based on their looks, attire, and attractiveness. In the movie Outsourced (2006), Puro dresses in a suit and soak up when meeting Todd. By wearing the traditional Western culture attire for a manager, Puro projects the professional chain of mountains of an American businessman. Rituals, the use of greetings, handshakes or other practices are also an important part of nonverbal communication (Argyle, 1988).When Todd meets Puro in Gharapuri, they shake hands as Puro welcomes Todd to India. In another scene at the office, Puro brings Todd a tray of food that he says will help Todd with his stomach problems. Todd social thanks him, and Puro bows to say you are welcome to Todd. (Archer, 1997) states that gestures are definitely not a universal language, as people who see worked, lived, or studied oversea may have noticed. In galore(postnominal) cases, gestures from different societies may look similar but have dramatically different meanings.In the movie Outsourced (2006), Todd and Asha discuss differences in the meaning of words between British English, the form of English traditionally studied in India, and American English. For example, in British English, French fries are called chips. While not presented in the film it is important to recognize that nonverbal communication and gestures may mean different things in different cultures just deal in verbal communication. In the movie Outsourced (2006), Todd is invited outback(a) of his hotel to have dinner with a family in the close s lums.The family gestures for him to sit with them and then they proceed to serve him a plate of food. An older woman smiles at Todd while he is enjoying the food and makes a hand gesture of the familiar American OK. The gesture seemed to have a common understanding in this scenario, but in many cases gestures do not mean the same thing in score culture interactions. For example, the gesture used by many Americans for OK is seen in the movie. This gesture is similar in many ways to gestures in other cultures but has a very different meaning.In Japan the gesture meaning money, whereas in France it means zero, and in Ethiopia it means homosexuality. As shown in this scenario, the use of gestures in cross- cultural interaction carries the potential for confusion, embarrassment, or insult. Nonverbal communication through the use of facial expressions, body movements, gestures, or positions play a hearty role in interpersonal communication. The use of nonverbal communication to express emotion, communicate interpersonal attitudes, support speech, and aid people in self-presentation and cultural rituals is observed throughout the movie Outsourced (2006).Gestures, like words and phrases intercommunicate language, may carry different meaning in different cultures. Therefore, it is important for people working in different countries or people from different backgrounds to be aware of this so they are less in all likelihood to encounter confusion, controversy, or offend someone during cross cultural interactions.References Adler, R. (2011). Understanding Human Communication. 11th ed. refreshful York, NY Oxford University Press Archer, D. (1997). Unspoken Diversity Cultural Differences in Gestures. Qualitative Sociology, 20(1), 79-105. Argyle, M. (1988). Bodily Communication, 2nd ed. New York, NY Methuen. Ekman, P. (1982). Emotion in the Human Face, 2nd ed. Cambridge Cambridge University Press. Mehrabian, A. Communication without words, psychological science Today, 1968, 2 (4), 53-55. Non-Verbal Communication. Retrieved from http//siteresources. worldbank. org/EXTGOVACC/Resources/NonverbalCommweb. pdf Richmond, V. P. , & McCroskey, J. C. (2004). Nonverbal Behavior in Interpersonal Relations. Boston, MA Allyn and Bacon/Pearson Education.